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Communes of France
The commune ((:kɔmyn)) is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to townships or incorporated municipalities in the United States or ''Gemeinden'' in Germany. The United Kingdom has no exact equivalent, as communes resemble districts in urban areas, but are closer to parishes in rural areas where districts are much larger. Communes are based on historical geographic communities or villages and have received significant powers of governance to manage the populations and land of the geographic area covered. The communes are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France.
A French commune may be a city of 2.2 million inhabitants like Paris, a town of 10,000 people, or just a 10-person hamlet. Communes typically are based on pre-existing villages and facilitate local governance. All communes have names, but not all named geographic areas or groups of people residing together are communes ("lieu dit" or "bourg"), the difference residing in the lack of administrative powers. Except for the municipal arrondissements of its largest cities, the communes are the lowest level of administrative division in France and are governed by elected officials (Mayor and a "Conseil Municipal") with extensive autonomous powers to implement national policy.
== General characteristics ==
A "commune" is a "town," "city," or "municipality." Use of "commune" in English is a historic habit, and one that might be corrected. It tends to associate an ordinary administrative unit with political movements, political philosophies, and history, after the Rising of the Paris Commune, 1871, which could have more felicitously been called, in English, "the rising of the City of Paris". There is nothing in ''commune'' in French that is intrensically different from "town" in English.
The French word ''commune'' appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin ''communia'' (a large gathering of people sharing a common life); from Latin ''communis'' (things held in common).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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